Tear strength A fabric tears when it is snagged by a sharp object and the immediate small puncture is converted into a long rip by what may be a very small extra effort. It is the most common type of strength failure of fabrics in end use. For garment items, such as outdoor clothing, overalls and uniforms, the tearing strength test is a very important quantity. Importance of tear strength test on fabrics: The tear strength is the resistance of fabric against tearing. The tear strength is vital for the textiles, bulletproof jackets, worker jeans, tents, apparel, sacks, and industrial applications. If the tear strength is high, means punctures in the fabrics do not propagate easily. The tear strength is vital in the industrial textiles as heavy duty work is performed. Several methods are used to measure tear strength, e.g. Tongue Test Trapezoid Test Elmendorf Test A. Tongue Tearing Strength of Fabrics In this test method, a cut is made in a rectangular specimen, which starts a tear. By cutting the material, two “tongues” are formed. A reference line is drawn to indicate the point to tear. One tongue is placed in the upper jaw and one tongue is placed in the lower jaw. As the test is run, the jaws move apart and the fabric tears along the pre-cut segment. B. Trapezoid Test The trapezoid tear method is a test that produces tension along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The trapezoid tearing strength for woven fabrics is determined primarily by the properties of the yarns that are gripped in the clamps. In nonwoven fabrics, because the individual fibers are more or less randomly oriented and capable of some reorientation in the direction of the applied load, the maximum trapezoid tearing strength is reached when the resistance to further reorientation is greater than the force required to rupture one or more fibers simultaneously. Elmendorf Tear Strength The Elmendorf tear tester determines the tearing strength by measuring the work done in tearing through a fixed length of the test specimen. It consists of a sector pendulum pivoted on anti-friction ball bearings on a vertical bracket fixed on a rigid metallic base. The test principle is fairly simple; the pendulum is lifted up to certain height. When released, the pendulum will have a certain potential energy, at the bottom of the swing the pendulum tears the specimen and the pendulum loses the energy used to tear the sample.

What to Know About Age Ovens There is a specific kind of industrial oven known as an aging oven.  This type of oven is used in the development and testing of certain products in order to simulate what would happen to the item over time. Age ovens heat up plastic and rubber products, artificially aging them to simulate what would happen over years of use. Many industries also use age ovens to test and finish aluminum parts. Age ovens are essential to many industries. How Age Ovens Work All industrial ovens need good air flow from the supply duct to the return duct. Otherwise, your oven won’t heat evenly. If you’re testing products to see how they’ll age, this will affect future product development. The plastic or rubber product is baked in the special aging oven. The heat reacts with the chemicals that make up the material of the item and creates the same conditions as the natural wear and tear of age, but in a much shorter period.  This artificial aging helps the designer of the product learn how the product will react over time to age and use, which will help the designer make modifications and needed improvements. GESTER can with you find the perfect age oven for your needs. Aging ovens are available in various sizes and models, depending on the products and industry they are used for. The temperature, size, and design of the oven depends on its intended use. This Aging Oven is used for testing the changes in characteristics of plastics, rubber, leather, fabrics before and after heating. The specimen is checked to see its discoloration, split, shrinkage, extension, residualratio, etc. so as to determine the aging characterstics.

Textile burst strength test The bursting strength of the fabric refers to the phenomenon that when the fabric is partially subjected to an external force perpendicular to its plane, it expands and ruptures, which is called the bursting strength of the fabric. Commonly used bursting strength test methods are: hydraulic method, Pneumatic method, and steel ball method. Hydraulic method The test principle of the hydraulic method is to clamp a certain area of the sample on an extendable diaphragm, and apply liquid pressure under the diaphragm. Then increase the volume of the liquid at a constant speed to expand the diaphragm and the sample until the sample ruptures, and the bursting strength and bursting expansion are measured. Commonly used hydraulic bursting strength tester is GESTER Bursting Strength Tester GT-C12A, Standards: ISO 13938.1, FZ/T 60019, FZ/T 01030, ASTM D3786, BS 4768, WOOLMARK TM 29, WSP 30.1, JIS L 1018.6. 17. Pneumatic method The test principle of the Pneumatic method is: clamp the sample on an extensible diaphragm, and apply gas pressure under the diaphragm. Then, increase the gas volume at a constant speed to expand the diaphragm and the sample until the sample ruptures, and the bursting strength and bursting expansion are measured. Commonly used pneumatic fabric bursting strength tester is GESTER Pneumatic Bursting Strength Tester GT-C12B, standards: FZ/T60019, ISO2960, ASTM D3786, M&S P27, JIS L-1096, ISO 13938-2. Steel ball method The testing principle of the steel ball method is: The sample of a certain area is clamped in the ring sample fixed on the base, the round spherical push rod at a constant moving speed vertically against the sample, so that the sample deformation until the rupture, measured breaking strength. GESTER Ball Burst Strength Tester GT-C02-2, standard: ASTM D 3787, EN 12332-1, FZ/T 01030, FZ/T 60019, GB/T 19976.

What is the Martindale Fabric Abrasion Tester The abrasion resistance of textiles refers to the wear resistance between fabrics or between fabrics and other substances during repeated friction.  The Martindale Abrasion Tester is widely used for testing the abrasion resistance of clothing and household textiles, decorative fabrics and furniture. Introduce C13 Series from Application, Standards A. Martindale GT-C13 For Testing The Abrasion And Pilling 1. Appication The Martindale GT-C13 For Testing The Abrasion And Pilling is the standard method of determining the wear resistance of textiles or leather and the resistance to pilling. Samples are rubbed against known abradents at low pressures and in continuously changing directions and the amount of abrasion or pilling is compared against standard parameters. Adaptable to test a wide range of applications including textiles, socks, leather, coated upholstery, carpets, wood and shirt collars. 2. Standards Abrasion: GB/T 21196.2, GB/T 13775, ISO 12947, ASTM D4966, IWS TM 112, M﹠S P19, Next 18, SN 198529, TWC 112, JIS L1096 ( ISO17076-2 ball plate method ,optional) Pilling: GB/T 4802.2, ISO12945-2, ASTM D4970, IWS TM 196, M﹠S P17, Next TM26, SN 198525 B. Martindale Abrasion And Pilling Tester GT-C13B 1. Application The martindale abrasion and pilling tester is used to determine the abrasion and pilling resistance of all kinds of textile structures. Samples are rubbed against known abrade at low pressures and in continuously changing directions and the amount of abrasion or pilling is compared against standard parameters. 2. Standards Abrasion: GB/T 21196.2, GB/T 13775, ISO 12947, ASTM D4966, IWS TM 112, M﹠S P19, Next 18, SN 198529, TWC 112, JIS L1096 ( ISO17076-2 ball plate method ,optional) Pilling: GB/T 4802.2, ISO12945-2, ASTM D4970, IWS TM 196, M﹠S P17, Next TM26, SN 198525 C. Martindale Fabric Abrasion Tester 1. Application Martindale Fabric Abrasion Tester is used to determine the abrasion and pilling resistance of all kinds of textile structures. Samples are rubbed against known abradents at low pressures and in continuously changing directions and the amount of abrasion or pilling is compared against standard parameters. 2. Standards Abrasion: GB/T 21196.2, GB/T 13775, ISO 12947, ASTM D4966, IWS TM 112, M﹠S P19, Next 18, SN 198529, TWC 112, JIS L1096 Pilling: GB/T 4802.2, ISO12945-2, ASTM D4970, IWS TM 196, M﹠S P17, Next TM26, SN 198525 Gester Fabric testing instruments with more than 20 years of research development and technology accumulation, has become the key technology to improve quality and productivity in textile industry.

What is the Hydrostatic Head Tester In Fabric A. What is Hydrostatic Head? Hydrostatic Head is a way of measuring how waterproof a fabric is. The resulting measurement in millimetres relates to how high a column of water standing on the fabric would need to be before the water would penetrate the fabric. For the best fabrics results can be as high as 30,000mm, i.e. 30 metres high, before it would penetrate the fabric. B. Hydrostatic Pressure The Hydrostatic Pressure test evaluates a material’s resistance to water penetration. The test is done using a machine that replicates the downward pressure that a water column of such height would create. The machine increases the pressure of water that is pushed against the fabric until water is visible on the other side. The required level of pressure used to force water through the fabric is then converted into a measurement of how high the water column would have been. This provides the result of the Hydrostatic Head test in millimetres. C. WHAT IS A HYDROSTATIC HEAD TESTER? A Hydrostatic Head Tester is a measuring device used to measure the water penetration resistance of fabrics and seams. It provides quick and accurate results. Digital Hydrostatic Head Tester is used to testing the waterproof properties of fabrics through waterproofing work such as canvas, coated fabrics, hood fabric, tarpaulin, rain-proof fabrics and geotextile. D.The Feature Of High Pressure-Servo Hydrostatic Pressure Test Equipment 1. The pressure using dynamic feedback regulation effectively prevent pressure overshoot. 2. Japan Panasonic servo motor and drive system, 16-bit A/D conversion. 3. Hydrostatic head tester -whole machine with aluminum alloy structure. 4. Sensor protection: automatic overload protection ( automatic switching of multi-sensor range). Hydrostatic Head Tester Touch-Screen display with English menu. Internally installed water tank design and original water pressure balance system makes the rate of rise stable and exact. E. The hydrostatic head test standard AATCC 127 Option 2, ISO 811, ISO 1420, GB/T4744, FZT01004 , DIN53886 , JIS L1092, EN20811, EN 13726-3

1. About yarn Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibres, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery, or ropemaking.A generic term for yarn and thread, it is a long, thin, soft and continuous strip with a certain strength, it is made of textile fibers, including single yarns and ply yarn. 2. What is the twisting？ Fibres are arranged around an axis by means of twist. Twisting adds strength to the yarns. Twisting, in yarn and rope production, process that binds fibres or yarns together in a continuous strand, accomplished in spinning or playing operations. The direction of the twist may be to the right, described as Z twist, or to the left, described as S twist,including. 3.The following four parameters are of importance when discussing twist in yarn: A. Direction of twist B. Twist level/ Amount of twist C. Twist angle D. Twist multiplier 4. Twisting process A. Single yarn Single yarn is formed by twisting fibres or filaments in one direction. B. Ply yarn Ply yarn is made by twisting two or more single yarns together, usually by combining singles twisted in one direction with a ply twist in the opposite direction. It is stronger and more resistant to abrasion than single yarns. Twine, cord, or rope can be made with a cable twist, each twist in the opposite direction of the preceding twist (S/Z/S or Z/S/Z), or with a hawser twist, the single yarns and the first ply twist in one direction and the second ply twist in the opposite direction (S/S/Z or Z/Z/S). The number of turns per unit of length in a yarn affects the appearance and durability of fabric made from that yarn. Yarns used for soft-surfaced fabrics have less twist than those used for smooth-surfaced fabrics. Yarns made into crepe fabrics have maximum twist. 5.EXPRESSION OF TWIST Amount of twist expressed in 1) Twist Per Inch(TPI) 2) Twist Per Meter(TPM) 3) Twist Per Centemeter(TPC) TWIST FACTOR OR TWIST MULTIPLIER The twist factor or twist multiplier is a measure of twist, which accounts for the yarn radius as well as the twist level. TM=TPC√tex or TM=TPI÷√Ne 6. FACTORS AFFECTING TWIST The twist introduced in the yarn during spinning depends upon a number of factors, such as follows: A. The count of yarn to be spun B. The quality of cotton used C. The use to which the yarn is put- is the yarn meant to be used as warp yarn or weft yarn, knitting yarn or any other yarn. D. The fineness of the fibre being spun F. The softness of the fabric into which the yarn is to be converted 7. YARN TWIST In practice, yarn twist is described using three main parameters: (a) twist direction (b) twist factor or twist multiplier And (c) twist level (turns/unit length). 8. Function of twist in yarn structure: A yarn must have sufficient tensile strength to withstand the stresses of preparation and fabric manufacture. Without twist a strand of fibers has very little strength. . The main function of twist is to be bind the fibers together and help...

Discussion On Color Fastness To Rubbing  Rubbing fastness refers to the resistance of the color of textiles to abrasion or staining to other textiles, is one of the most important indexes in the color fastness of textiles, that is, the degree of fading of dyed fabric after friction, which can be divided into dry and wet rubbing. Rubbing fastness plays an important role especially. The assessment is divided into 5 levels (authenticity number), of which 5 means a very high rubfastness and level 1 a very low.  The color fastness to rubbing is so important, as a professional testing organization or professional inspector; we should have a deeper understanding of the color fastness to rubbing test, so that our test results are close to the true value of the sample.   Standards for rubbing color fastness test Chinese Standard: GB/T 3920 International standard: ISO 105 X12/X16 American Standard: AATCC 8/AATCC 116 Japanese standard: JIS L0849 Type I /Type II     Commonly used equipment for rubbing color fastness test  a. Crockmeter Rubbing Fastness Tester GT-D05 Application: Crockmeter Rubber Fastness Tester is used to determine the colour fastness of textiles to dry or wet rubbing. A pinned acrylic sample holder ensures rapid sample mounting and repeatability of results.AATCC Crockmeter Standards: BS 1006-D02, ISO 105-X12/D02, M&S C8, AATCC 8/165, ASTM D6279, JIS L 0849 Type1,JIS L 0862 Type1 B. Circular Rubbing Colour Fastness Tester GT-KC52 Application: This Rubbing Colour Fastness Tester is used for assess colored materials friction damage and surface color transfer. It is suitable test the upper materials, such as leather, plastics and fabric etc. Standards: BS EN 13516 Method B, SATRA PM8,QB/T 1619-2018 annex B, ISO 17700 Method B c. (Gakushin) Color Fastness To Rubbing Tester GT-D06 Application: Rubbing fastness tester used for evaluating a material's resistance to rubbing motion. Unit is a six station, benchtop machine which includes clamps for sample attachment to moving platen and clamps for weighted rubbing arm for attachment of rubbing material. Cycle counter automatically stops machine at end of test cycles. Test samples are visually evaluated. Standards: JIS L0823, JIS L0849 Type2, JIS L1006, JIS L1084, JIS L 0862 Type2, JIS 10801, TSL5100G Section 4.8.1A, QB/T1646

EU Published The Toy Safety Standard EN 71-3:2019+A1:20211: Migration Of Certain Elements On 14 April 2021, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) published the toy safety standard EN 71-3:2019+A1:20211: Migration of certain elements. All members of the CEN have to adopt and publish their national standard by 31 October 2021. The European and International Standard establishes requirements and test methods for the migration of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, cadmium, Chromium (III), Chromium (VI), cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, strontium, tin, organic tin and zinc from toy materials and from parts of toys. This standard is intended for harmonization in support of the Toys Directive in Europe. It will be given the status of a national standard of CEN member states, and conflicting national standards will be replaced by the end of October 2021 at the latest. Compared with the previous version, this time mainly revised the migration limit of aluminum element, as follows: 1. Class I toy materials: the migration limit of aluminum has been changed from 5625 mg/kg to 2250 mg/kg; 2. Class II toy materials: The migration limit of aluminum has been changed from 1406 mg/kg to 560 mg/kg; 3. Class III toy materials: the migration limit of aluminum has been changed from 70,000 mg/kg to 28130 mg/kg GESTER Toys safety tester meet with standards ISO 8124, EN 71, ASTM F963,16 CFR 1500 and test for shape, size, contour, spacing as well as acceptable criteria for properties peculiar to certain categories of toy. Toys Flammability Tester GT-M17 Standards: EN 71-2 ,ISO 8124-2,GB 6675.3 EN 16890-2017 Section 7 Toy Kinetic Energy Tester GT-M18B Standards: ISO 8124-1 section 5.15GB6675-2 section 5.15 EN-71-1 section 8.24 ASTM F963 section 8.1 Sharp Edge Tester GT-MB01 Sharp Edge Tester Standards: EN 71-1 ASTM F963 16CFR 1500 ISO 8124-1GB 6675-2